Values are mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. The y axis is the relative expression level, and the expression level of GL (22☌) is set as 1. The labels of different conditions are the same as in Figure 1G. The x axis indicates the different conditions. (F–J) The qPCR analysis of selected HSF and HSP gene expression under different HL conditions for 6 h. (E) The heatmap shows the expression profile of selected HSF and HSP genes under HL from RNA-seq. The cluster names are showed in the left top corner. The p value and DEG number of each cluster are shown in the left and right bottom corners in each panel, respectively. (D) Nine significant expression clusters (p < 0.05) of all DEGs. The y axis is a scale of the relative entropy, which reflects the conservation rate of each nucleic acid. The x axis represents the conserved sequences of the motif. (C) The enrichment of G box motifs in the promoters of differentially expressed genes. The heatmap is clustering the log2 fold change (log2(FC)) of each gene. (B) The heatmap shows the expression profile of all DEGs. (A) The number of DEGs at each time point and recovery (R). Asterisks represent significant differences (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001) determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference) comparisons. The y axis represents the relative expression level, and the expression level of GL (22☌) is set as 1. GL (22☌), GL with a leaf temperature of 22☌ HL (22☌), HL with a leaf temperature of 22☌ HL (35☌), HL with a leaf temperature of 35☌. The x axis indicates different conditions. (G) The qPCR analysis of ELIP1, ELIP2, and APX2 expression under different HL conditions for 6 h. (F) The expression level of HL marker genes under GL and HL from RNA-seq data. HL-11.5☌ represents high light and lower temperature (HL: 1,200 μmol m −2 s −1, temperature setting: 11.5☌), and HL-22☌ represents high light and higher temperature (1,200 μmol m −2 s −1, temperature setting: 22☌). GL-22☌ represents growth light (GL: 60 μmol m −2 s −1, temperature setting: 22☌). (E) The measurement of leaf temperature during HL treatment. (D) The measurement of light intensity and leaf temperature on Decem(sunrise: 6:38 AM, sunset: 4:42 PM, weather forecast: sunny, 10☌ to 18☌) around the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. (C) The schematic diagram of the HL chamber setup. The y axis is the spectral photon irradiance level. Arrows indicate plants at the time points of HL treatment. (A) The experimental scheme for time course RNA-seq analysis of plants under HL. Our study presents the dynamic and specific high-intensity light-driven transcriptional landscape in plants during HL stress.ĪBA Arabidopsis BBX PIF SAUR high light time course transcriptome.Ĭopyright © 2019 The Author(s). We further show that ABA biosynthesis-defective mutant nced3nced5, as well as pif4, pif5, pif4,5, and pif1,3,4,5 mutants, are hypersensitive to HL. Blue/UV-A photoreceptors and phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) genes are also responsive to HL. Our study reveals that plants respond to HL through dynamic regulation of hormones, particularly abscisic acid (ABA), photosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid pathway genes. We find that 79% of HL-responsive genes restore their expression to baseline within a 14-h recovery period. By eliminating the effect of heat, we uncover a set of genes specifically regulated by high-intensity light-driven signaling. Here, we perform an in-depth temporal responsive transcriptome analysis and identify the core HL-responsive genes. The dynamic and specific transcriptome for high light (HL) stress in plants is poorly understood because heat has confounded previous studies.
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